Every ruler in the dataset

All verified rulers in the Kings of History dataset, by snapshot year and world region — each with its own page, contemporaries, and sources to check.

500 AD

Anastasius I — Byzantine Empire
Kavad I — Sasanian Empire
Emperor Wu of Liang — China
Emperor Buretsu — Japan
Jabalah IV ibn al-Harith — Ghassanids
Narasimhagupta Baladitya — Gupta Empire (Late)
Theodoric the Great — Ostrogothic Kingdom
Clovis I — Frankish Kingdom
Thrasamund — Vandal Kingdom
Alaric II — Visigothic Kingdom
Gundobad — Burgundian Kingdom
Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei — Northern Wei
Munjamyeong of Goguryeo — Goguryeo (Korea)
Toramana — Hephthalite Empire
Kaundinya Jayavarman — Kingdom of Funan
Jijeung of Silla — Silla (Korea)
Muryeong of Baekje — Baekje (Korea)
Xiao Baojuan — Southern Qi
Harishena — Vakataka Dynasty
Vahan Mamikonian — Persarmenia
Vakhtang I — Kingdom of Iberia
Vahan Mamikonian — Kingdom of Armenia
Moggallana I — Anuradhapura (Sri Lanka)

750 AD

Marwan II — Umayyad Caliphate
Pepin the Short — Frankish Empire
Constantine V — Byzantine Empire
Emperor Xuanzong — Tang China
As-Saffah — Abbasid Caliphate
Empress Koken — Japan
Gopala — Pala Empire
Chief (c.750 AD) — Cahokia (Mississippian)
Yik'in Chan K'awiil — Tikal (Maya)
Gyeongdeok of Silla — Silla (Korea)
Mé Aktsom — Tibetan Empire
Alfonso I of Asturias — Kingdom of Asturias
Aistulf — Lombard Kingdom
Kormisosh — Bulgar Khanate
Kirtivarman II — Chalukya Dynasty
Mun of Balhae — Balhae
Æthelbald of Mercia — Mercia
Eadberht of Northumbria — Northumbria
Pope Zachary — Papal States
Dantidurga — Rashtrakuta Dynasty
Cuthred of Wessex — Kingdom of Wessex
Nandivarman II — Pallava Dynasty
Lalitaditya Muktapida — Kingdom of Kashmir
Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman — Emirate of Cordoba
Oengus I — Kingdom of the Picts
Rhodri Molwynog — Kingdom of Gwynedd

1200 AD

King John — England
Philip II — France
Otto IV — Holy Roman Empire
Alexios III Angelos — Byzantine Empire
Al-Adil I — Ayyubid Sultanate
Qutb al-Din Aibak — Delhi Sultanate
Temüjin (later Genghis Khan) — Mongol Confederation
Emperor Tsuchimikado — Japan
Jayavarman VII — Khmer Empire
Emperor Ningzong — Southern Song
Lalibela — Ethiopia
Naré Maghann Konaté — Niani (Manden)
Vsevolod III "Big Nest" — Vladimir-Suzdal (Rus)
Great Sun (paramount chief) — Cahokia (Mississippian)
Tamar of Georgia — Kingdom of Georgia
Muhammad al-Nasir — Almohad Caliphate
Muhammad of Ghor — Ghurid Sultanate
Emperor Zhangzong of Jin — Jin Dynasty
Emeric, King of Hungary — Kingdom of Hungary
Canute VI — Kingdom of Denmark
Alfonso VIII of Castile — Kingdom of Castile
Peter II of Aragon — Crown of Aragon
Frederick II — Kingdom of Sicily
Isabella I of Jerusalem — Kingdom of Jerusalem
Suleiman II of Rum — Sultanate of Rum
Kertajaya — Kediri (Java)
Sverre Sigurdsson — Kingdom of Norway
William the Lion — Kingdom of Scotland
Stefan the First-Crowned — Grand Principality of Serbia
Alfonso IX of Leon — Kingdom of Leon
Sancho I of Portugal — Kingdom of Portugal
Sverker II — Kingdom of Sweden
Leszek the White — Duchy of Poland
Kaloyan of Bulgaria — Second Bulgarian Empire
Ottokar I of Bohemia — Kingdom of Bohemia
Pope Innocent III — Papal States
Leo I of Armenia — Armenian Cilicia
Sinjong of Goryeo — Goryeo (Korea)
Kulothunga Chola III — Chola Empire
Muhammad II of Khwarazm — Khwarazmian Empire
Theodore I Laskaris — Empire of Nicaea
Aimery of Cyprus — Kingdom of Cyprus
Llywelyn the Great — Wales
Leopold VI — Duchy of Austria
Enrico Dandolo — Republic of Venice
Bohemond IV — Principality of Antioch
Sancho VII of Navarre — Kingdom of Navarre
Baldwin IX — County of Flanders
Rognvaldr Godredsson — Kingdom of Man and the Isles
Veera Ballala II — Hoysala Empire

1500 AD

Bayezid II — Ottoman Empire
Ismail I — Safavid Persia
Sikandar Lodi — Delhi Sultanate
Isabella I & Ferdinand II — Spain
Henry VII — England
Hongzhi Emperor — China
Ivan III "the Great" — Russia
Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado — Japan
Moctezuma II — Aztec Empire
Huayna Capac — Inca Empire
Askia Muhammad I — Songhai Empire
Nzinga a Nkuwu — Kongo Kingdom
Mai Ali Gaji — Kanem-Bornu Empire
Ozolua — Benin Empire
Na'od — Ethiopia
Narasimha Raya II — Vijayanagara Empire
Manuel I of Portugal — Portugal
Louis XII — France
John I Albert — Poland-Lithuania
Vladislaus II of Hungary — Kingdom of Hungary
James IV of Scotland — Kingdom of Scotland
John, King of Denmark — Denmark-Norway
Pope Alexander VI — Papal States
Agostino Barbarigo — Republic of Venice
Qansuh al-Ghawri — Mamluk Sultanate
Yeonsangun — Joseon (Korea)
Lê Hiến Tông — Đại Việt
Raden Patah — Demak Sultanate
Muhammad Shaybani — Shaybanid Khanate
Frederick of Naples — Kingdom of Naples
Ludovico Sforza — Duchy of Milan
Mengli I Giray — Crimean Khanate
Sho Shin — Ryukyu Kingdom
Mahmood Shah Bahmani II — Bahmani Sultanate
Mahmud Begada — Gujarat Sultanate
Vladislaus II of Hungary — Kingdom of Bohemia
Philibert II — Duchy of Savoy
Catherine of Navarre — Kingdom of Navarre
Shwenankyawshin — Ava (Burma)
Visoun — Lan Xang
Na'od — Ethiopian Empire
Ercole I d'Este — Duchy of Ferrara
Francesco II Gonzaga — Duchy of Mantua
Anne of Brittany — Duchy of Brittany
Alauddin Husain Shah — Bengal Sultanate
Ahmad Nizam Shah I — Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Yusuf Adil Shah — Bijapur Sultanate
Burunduk Khan — Kazakh Khanate

1700 AD

Mustafa II — Ottoman Empire
Aurangzeb — Mughal Empire
Sultan Husayn — Safavid Persia
William III — England (Stuart)
Louis XIV — France
Peter the Great — Russia
Kangxi Emperor — Qing China
Emperor Higashiyama — Japan
Charles II — Spain
Moulay Ismail — Morocco
Osei Tutu I — Ashanti Confederacy
Tarabai (regent for Shivaji II) — Marathi Confederacy
Phetracha — Ayutthaya (Siam)
Charles XII of Sweden — Sweden
Augustus II the Strong — Poland-Lithuania
Leopold I — Holy Roman Empire
Frederick III of Brandenburg — Brandenburg-Prussia
Frederick IV of Denmark — Denmark-Norway
Peter II of Portugal — Portugal
Sukjong of Joseon — Joseon (Korea)
Lê Hy Tông — Đại Việt
Iyasu I — Ethiopia (Gondar)
Pedro IV of Kongo — Kingdom of Kongo
Saif bin Sultan — Oman
Subhan Quli Khan — Khanate of Bukhara
Akaba — Dahomey
Pope Innocent XII — Papal States
Silvestro Valier — Republic of Venice
Victor Amadeus II — Duchy of Savoy
Cosimo III de Medici — Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Devlet II Giray — Crimean Khanate
Amangkurat II — Mataram Sultanate
Charles XII of Sweden — Kingdom of Sweden
Peter II of Portugal — Kingdom of Portugal
Lha-bzang Khan — Tibet
Tsewang Rabtan — Dzungar Khanate
George VI of Imereti — Kingdom of Imereti
Vimaladharmasuriya II — Kingdom of Kandy
Maximilian II Emanuel — Electorate of Bavaria
Rinaldo d'Este — Duchy of Modena
Kamalat Syah — Sultanate of Aceh
George I — Electorate of Hanover
Kanthirava Narasaraja II — Kingdom of Mysore

1900 AD

Abdul Hamid II — Ottoman Empire
Victoria — United Kingdom
Wilhelm II — Germany
Nicholas II — Russia
Franz Joseph I — Austria-Hungary
Umberto I — Italy
Maria Christina (regent for Alfonso XIII) — Spain
Guangxu Emperor — Qing China
Emperor Meiji — Japan
Gojong — Korean Empire
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah — Persia
Menelik II — Ethiopian Empire
Abd al-Rahman bin Atiku — Sokoto Caliphate
King Chulalongkorn — Thailand
Leopold II of Belgium — Belgium
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands — Netherlands
Oscar II — Sweden-Norway
Christian IX of Denmark — Denmark
Carlos I of Portugal — Portugal
George I of Greece — Greece
Carol I of Romania — Romania
Alexander I of Serbia — Serbia
Ferdinand I of Bulgaria — Bulgaria
Nicholas I of Montenegro — Montenegro
Adolphe of Luxembourg — Luxembourg
Abbas II of Egypt — Khedivate of Egypt
Abdelaziz of Morocco — Morocco
Abdur Rahman Khan — Afghanistan
Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah — Nepal
Hamoud bin Mohammed — Zanzibar
Daudi Cwa II — Buganda
George Tupou II — Tonga
Johann II — Liechtenstein
Albert I — Monaco
Faisal bin Turki — Muscat and Oman
Mubarak Al-Sabah — Kuwait
Ibrahim of Johor — Johor
Lerotholi — Basutoland
Ugyen Wangchuck — Bhutan
Jamalul Kiram II — Sultanate of Sulu
Norodom of Cambodia — Kingdom of Cambodia
Zakarine — Luang Prabang
Ngwane V — Swaziland
Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa — Kingdom of Bahrain
Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani — Qatar
Zayed bin Khalifa Al Nahyan — Trucial States
Abdul Hamid Halim of Kedah — Kedah
Idris Shah I of Perak — Perak
Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin — Brunei
Lewanika — Barotseland
Abdulaziz bin Mutib — Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Sulaiman of Selangor — Selangor
Muhammad of Negeri Sembilan — Negeri Sembilan
Zainal Abidin III — Terengganu
Thutob Namgyal — Kingdom of Sikkim
Yuhi V Musinga — Kingdom of Rwanda
Mwezi IV Gisabo — Kingdom of Burundi
Kasagama — Kingdom of Toro
Kabalega — Kingdom of Bunyoro
Ali Dinar — Sultanate of Darfur